I dont want to have crazy features. In all places they assured that none of the surgeries involved risks. Journalist Lorena Beltrn was left with massive scarring after a botched operation. Fat can then travel directly to the heart and into the lungs, obstructing blood flow and causing immediate death. "Anyone can have a center of this type, and it does not have sanitary regulations because its owner is not a doctor," Dr. Pazmio insists. Even with the Colombian Governments December 2016 peace agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), the risk of displacement remains as other rebel groups fill the void left by the FARC. To find a suitable surgeon search through the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons Member Database. "In many cases, the doctors who perform cosmetic procedures go to a course for a weekend and begin to operate,"warns Pazmio. ), conventional long form: Republic of Colombiaconventional short form: Colombialocal long form: Republica de Colombialocal short form: Colombiaetymology: the country is named after explorer Christopher COLUMBUS, name: Bogotageographic coordinates: 4 36 N, 74 05 Wtime difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)etymology: originally referred to as "Bacata," meaning "enclosure outside of the farm fields," by the indigenous Muisca, 32 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital district* (distrito capital); Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, Archipielago de San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina (colloquially San Andres y Providencia), Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada, history: several previous; latest promulgated 4 July 1991amendments: proposed by the government, by Congress, by a constituent assembly, or by public petition; passage requires a majority vote by Congress in each of two consecutive sessions; passage of amendments to constitutional articles on citizen rights, guarantees, and duties also require approval in a referendum by over one half of voters and participation of over one fourth of citizens registered to vote; amended many times, last in 2020, civil law system influenced by the Spanish and French civil codes, has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction, citizenship by birth: nocitizenship by descent only: least one parent must be a citizen or permanent resident of Colombiadual citizenship recognized: yesresidency requirement for naturalization: 5 years, chief of state: President Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (since 7 August 2022); Vice President Francia Elena MARQUEZ Mina (since 7 August 2022); the president is both chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (since 7 August 2022); Vice President Francia Elena MARQUEZ Mina (since 7 August 2022)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 29 May 2022 with a runoff held on 19 June 2022 (next to be held on 31 May 2026); note - political reform in 2015 eliminated presidential reelectionelection results: 2022: Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (PHxC) 40.3%, Rodolfo HERNANDEZ Suarez (LIGA) 28.2%, Federico GUTIERREZ (Team for Colombia / CREEMOS) 23.9%, other 7.6%; percent of vote in second round - Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (PHxC) 50.4%, Rodolfo HERNANDEZ Suarez (LIGA) 47.3%2018:Ivan DUQUE Marquez elected president in second round; percent of vote - Ivan DUQUE Marquez (CD) 54%, Gustavo PETRO (Humane Colombia) 41.8%, other/blank/invalid 4.2%, description: bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of:Senate or Senado (108 seats; 100 members elected in a single nationwide constituency by party-list proportional representation vote, 2 members elected in a special nationwide constituency for indigenous communities, 5 members of the Commons political party, formerly the People's Alternative Revolutionary Force (FARC), for 2 legislative terms only: 2018-2022 and 2022-2026 as per the 2016 peace accord, and 1 seat reserved for the runner-up presidential candidate in the recent election; all members serve 4-year terms), Chamber of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (188 seats; 162 members elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote, 2 members elected in a special nationwide constituency for Afro-Colombians, 1 member elected by Colombians residing abroad, 1 member elected in a special nationwide constituency for the indigenous communities, 5 members of the Commons political party for two legislative terms only: 2018-2022 and 2022-2026 as per the 2016 peace accord, 16 seats for rural conflict victims for two legislative terms only: 2022-2026 and 2026-2030, and 1 seat reserved for the runner-up vice presidential candidate in the recent election; all members serve 4-year terms), highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of the Civil-Agrarian and Labor Chambers each with 7 judges, and the Penal Chamber with 9 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 magistrates); Council of State (consists of 27 judges); Superior Judiciary Council (consists of 13 magistrates)judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the Supreme Court members from candidates submitted by the Superior Judiciary Council; judges elected for individual 8-year terms; Constitutional Court magistrates - nominated by the president, by the Supreme Court, and elected by the Senate; judges elected for individual 8-year terms; Council of State members appointed by the State Council plenary from lists nominated by the Superior Judiciary Councilsubordinate courts: Superior Tribunals (appellate courts for each of the judicial districts); regional courts; civil municipal courts; Superior Military Tribunal; first instance administrative courts, Alternative Democratic Pole or PDA [Alexander LOPEZ Maya]Citizens Option (Opcion Ciudadana) or OC [Angel ALIRIO Moreno] (formerly known as the National Integration Party or PIN)The Commons (formerly People's Alternative Revolutionary Force or FARC) [Rodrigo LONDONO Echeverry]Conservative Party or PC [Carlos Andres TRUJILLO]Democratic Center Party or CD [Alvaro URIBE Velez]Fair and Free Colombia (Colombia Justa Libres) [Eduardo Canas Estrada and Ricardo Arias Mora]Green Alliance [Claudia LOPEZ Hernandez]Historic Pact for Colombia or PHxC (coalition composed of several left-leaning political parties and social movements)Humane Colombia [Gustavo PETRO]Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation or MIRA [Carlos Eduardo GUEVARA]League of Anti-Corruption Rulers or LIGA [Rodolfo HERNANDEZ Suarez]Liberal Party or PL [Cesar GAVIRIA]People's Alternative Revolutionary Force or FARC [Rodrigo LONDONO Echeverry]Radical Change or CR [German VARGAS Lleras]Team for Colombia - also known as the Experience Coalition or Coalition of the Regions (coalition composed of center-right and right-wing parties)Union Party for the People or U Party [Dilian Francisca TORO]We Believe Colombia or CREEMOS [Federico GUTIERREZ]note: Colombia has numerous smaller political parties and movements, BCIE, BIS, CAN, Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CELAC, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-3, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, chief of mission: Ambassador Luis Gilberto MURILLO URRUTIA (since 16 September 2022)chancery: 1724 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone: [1] (202) 387-8338FAX: [1] (202) 232-8643email address and website: eestadosunidos@cancilleria.gov.cohttps://www.colombiaemb.org/consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Newark (NJ), Orlando, San Juan (Puerto Rico), Washington, DCconsulate(s): Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Francisco L. PALMIERI (since 1 June 2022)embassy: Carrera 45, No. By law, no doctor in the state is required to have insurance against risk. WebYou can contact Dr. Monroy, of the best surgeons in Colombia at doctormonroy@ciruplastia.com or call to +57 1 746 78 77 or +57 314 299 7288 in Bogota, Colombia to schedule your appointment. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2020 est. )carbon dioxide emissions: 97.81 megatons (2016 est. months in restricting the license. However, with the recent reports of patient deaths from undergoing BBL, many have now labeled it as the most dangerous cosmetic procedure. ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 12,150,120 tons (2011 est. They see the prices and think that they will have a good result, but they pay the final price. If injected into the wrong area of the butt, the fat can enter that artery, block it, and stop blood flow, sometimes causing death. By law, no doctor in the state is required to have insurance against risk. Many women go to doctors without the proper qualifications or to backdoor clinics because they are often much cheaper. If it had happened in Cuba, but here with so much technology, here everything is perfect. I never thought that my daughter was going to come and die in this country, "says Gonzlez, who arrived from Cuba three years ago.". Dr Papadopoulos says every BBL-related death is caused by bits of fat (or emboli-globules) which enter the blood stream and clog up the patients heart. The clinic where it was operated, My Cosmetic Surgery, does not register a complaint on the FDOH portal. )from petroleum and other liquids: 47.679 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. And Ledn has no hope of obtaining justice because at least four lawyers have refused to take his case. The segment was called Building the Brazilian Butt, and a moniker was born. Arelys Gonzlez says that she went with her daughter to the first appointment in 'New Life Surgery'. Since then, the amounts of fat injected have only increased. Arelys Gonzlez has not been compensated for the death of her daughter Adianet. ), municipal: 3.49 billion cubic meters (2017 est. She was more concerned with surviving the surgery with a botched behind. The report, which he gave exclusively to Univision, cites as cause of death, "complications in liposuction and in the procedure of fat transfer from his own body.". Personally, I am doing much better since I had corrective surgery in February. Ive never felt better., Brazilian Butt Lifts Surge, Despite Risks, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/19/style/brazillian-butt-lift-bbl-how-much-risks.html, one of the most popular cosmetic surgeries, The British Association of Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery, American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). The reform of the law will not solve the whole problem. 80% of the deceased women cited in this work traveled to South Florida from other states or countries. We havent even begun to see the cosmetic disasters of people walking around with moonscape buttocks, one cheek bigger than the other. State Senator Anitere Flores acknowledged gaps in the legislation during an interview with Univision as part of this investigation. Only in Miami-Dade County there are 112 places with cosmetic center license. Having said that, there has been no reported case of a death from BBL in Australasia.. Five of the worlds leading plastic and cosmetic surgery-related organisations have banded together to form an Inter-Society Buttock Fat Grafting Task Force to research complications and deaths associated with BBL. According to the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS), the mortality rate for BBLs is estimated to be one in every 3000 operations meaning it has a higher rate of death than any other cosmetic procedure. (Photo: El Espectador.). Remember that they were treated kindly, they were quickly given details of the procedure, and they even offered a promotion so that the mother would also be operated. A 2017 For example, many of them offer combo surgeries: for a cheaper price, theyll do multiple surgeries in one go. I literally have abs now, she said. However, there are qualified doctors who offer these services for affordable prices even for members of the middle class. Ten died after a fat transfer in the buttocks, and Galvan is one of them. Journaliste Lorena Beltrn had breast reduction surgery in 2014 but it went horribly wrong, leaving huge scars on her chest. ), improved: urban: 100% of populationrural: 87.5% of populationtotal: 97.7% of populationunimproved: urban: 0% of populationrural: 12.5% of populationtotal: 2.3% of population (2020 est. This woman was the eighth person in Cali to die from complications related to plastic surgery since the beginning of the year. ), International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS), 24 percent of the countrys plastic surgery patients actually come in from abroad. Concerned about the mortality rate, in 2018 the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery and the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, among others, formed the Task Force for Safety in Gluteal Fat Grafting, to develop safety guidelines around the procedure. $9,000.00. This is not a state problem. Dr. Pat Pazmio, president of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of Miami, assures that these women die for a specific technique that they have identified, and that some continue to practice right and left, especially in Florida. A 2017 report also noted at least 25 fatalities in the United States in the preceding five years. ), total: 7,764,772 (2020 est. "In many cases, the doctors who perform cosmetic procedures go to a course for a weekend and begin to operate,", Arnaldo Valls, the doctor who operated on London, had only taken a three-day course to do liposuction and another one on fat-transfer gluteal augmentation. We see hundreds of cases like that, but there is no way to recover money," he insists. Ms. Dayyani was so enamored with Ms. Rabbits physique that in April she decided to acquire it for herself. These estimates may undercount actual numbers because many internally displaced persons are not registered. i A DANGEROUS butt procedure has a higher death rate than any other and Aussie women are being warned to think carefully before committing to it. "This happens because there are doctors who use dangerous techniques and do not understand anatomy, because they are not plastic surgeons.". We see hundreds of cases like that, but there is no way to recover money," he insists. The accord calls for members of the FARC to demobilize, disarm, and reincorporate into society and politics. (The women deny having had any surgical help. For Pazmio the problem begins with the law and medical professionals. as it happened to Adianet Galvn. Three days earlier, Adianet Galvn Gonzlez, 30, had Univision Noticias. )percent of population: 70% (2020 est. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 10.68% (2021 est. The department's available database does not have information on cosmetic surgeries because they are not categorized within a profession that regulates the department. How do you know if you get 1,000 or 4,000 ml? The owner of the place accused the forensic doctors of inventing the result of the autopsy. notes that the woman had two perforated veins, where fat could enter and then traveled to the lung and brain, causing at least one thrombus, and causing brain death. )female: 4.6% (2020 est. Orlando Llorente, the doctor who operated it, assured Gonzlez that her daughter would be fine. Colombia was one of the three countries that emerged after the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are Ecuador and Venezuela). )3,280.832 (2019 est. Last year, for about a month, the Ministry of Education stopped licensing practitioners who had diplomas from four specific foreign universities while they carried out an investigation into the matter. This story was produced as part of a larger project led by Maria Alesia Sosa and rika Carrillo, participants in the 2018 National Fellowship. )hydroelectricity: 65.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est. In short, the butt is becoming the new breast, Dr Tim Papadopoulos, specialist plastic surgeon and past president of ASAPS said. She said it was worth it. Journalist Lorena Beltrn shows off the scars after her botched operation in 2014. )71.65% of GDP (2018 est. Ms. Dayyani plans to become a lawyer, and worried that she might not be taken as seriously with an outsize backside. They arrived there because a friend of the family had operated there and everything had gone well. While a bill concerning the regulation of the sector is currently under consideration in the Colombian congress, there is still a long way to go. Its like moving money from your checking to savings account, she said. 80% of the deceased women cited in this work traveled to South Florida from other states or countries, attracted by the huge offer, tempting prices and payment facilities. Dr. Hsu assured her he would be conservative; he didnt want her to look like a caricature, either. Our center, like Dr. Valls, we have suffered enormously this loss ". However, some of the people who go abroad complete much shorter programmes [often only between six months and two years]. The lawyer Percy Martinez, expert in cases of medical malpractice, indicates that at least ten cases of this type arrive to him the week, but prefers not to take them, because they know that it has all the to lose. Even with these lesser degrees, they are able to get licensed to carry out plastic surgery in Colombia with the blessing of the Ministry of Education. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. In spite of the sequels left to Berta Ledn by surgeries, she never received compensation for the physical or emotional damages. As far as Im concerned, at this moment in time it is not a procedure that is routinely and uniformly done safely, he said. The report, which he gave exclusively to Univision, , cites as cause of death, "complications in liposuction and in the procedure of fat transfer from his own body.". Although these sites appear to be clinical, they are not. Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Ecuador and Panama, total: 1,138,910 sq kmland: 1,038,700 sq kmwater: 100,210 sq kmnote: includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, and Serrana Bank, slightly less than twice the size of Texas, total: 6,672 kmborder countries (5): Brazil 1,790 km; Ecuador 708 km; Panama 339 km; Peru 1,494 km; Venezuela 2,341 km, 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km), territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands, flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains, eastern lowland plains (Llanos), highest point: Pico Cristobal Colon 5,730 mlowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 mmean elevation: 593 m, petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydropower, agricultural land: 37.5% (2018 est. Several Colombia plastic surgery clinics also have cosmetic surgery financing programs available to allow you complete payments in a way that is best for you. In all places they assured that none of the surgeries involved risks. )methane emissions: 81.52 megatons (2020 est. The task force will examine the causes behind complications and deaths to try to prevent them from occurring through a variety of doctor and patient safety education measures, including unprecedented research. ), Rio Negro river source (shared with Venezuela and Brazil [m]) - 2,250 km; Orinoco (shared with Venezuela [s]) - 2,101 kmnote [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth, Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km), the majority of people live in the north and west where agricultural opportunities and natural resources are found; the vast grasslands of the llanos to the south and east, which make up approximately 60% of the country, are sparsely populated, highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts, volcanism: Galeras (4,276 m) is one of Colombia's most active volcanoes, having erupted in 2009 and 2010 causing major evacuations; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Nevado del Ruiz (5,321 m), 129 km (80 mi) west of Bogota, erupted in 1985 producing lahars (mudflows) that killed 23,000 people; the volcano last erupted in 1991; additionally, after 500 years of dormancy, Nevado del Huila reawakened in 2007 and has experienced frequent eruptions since then; other historically active volcanoes include Cumbal, Dona Juana, Nevado del Tolima, and Purace, only South American country with coastlines on both the North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea, Mestizo and White 87.6%, Afro-Colombian (includes Mulatto, Raizal, and Palenquero) 6.8%, Amerindian 4.3%, unspecified 1.4% (2018 est.). Dangers of a Brazilian butt lift. The clinics names were changed two times starting in 2016, making it almost impossible for new clients to research him. More than 31,000 former United Self Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) paramilitaries demobilized by the end of 2006, and the AUC as a formal organization ceased to operate. )services: 62.1% (2017 est. She went from a G Cup to a double D, and her stomach is flat. And with that, Ms. Dayyani became another one of the thousands of women worldwide undergoing one of the most popular cosmetic surgeries (some men get it too, but not very many). )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 3.5% (2021 est. agriculture: 7.2% (2017 est. )investment in inventories: 0.2% (2017 est. "After the wound opened, I went to the clinic where they operated on me, but the doctor did not take care of me, a nurse took care of me and she told me she was going to open me. )expenditures: $91.73 billion (2017 est. Batting (30 Players) Table; Rk Name Yrs From To ASG G PA AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI SB CS BB SO BA OBP SLG OPS WAR Birthdate Debut Birthplace Pos; 1: Jorge Emigration to Spain picked up in the 1990s because of its economic growth, but this flow has since diminished because of Spains ailing economy and high unemployment. Also I could tell he is an expert on the subject and the guidance I received from him was very professional. Galvn's surgery was on June 4, 2018, but it was not until seven months after her mother received the report from the Miami-Dade medical examiner that she confirmed something she already suspected: Adianet died as a result of the surgery. Medelln, Colombia "Dr. Garca is such a great professional, I am very pleased with my hair implant surgery. Dr Papadopoulos said any patients interested in the procedure should research and trust only FRACS-qualified Specialist Plastic Surgeons at accredited and licensed facilities or hospitals. Audience ratings certified by ACPM/OJD. This time, I was satisfied with the result. Last year, Beltrn launched the campaign #CirugiaSeguraYa ("Safe surgery now) on social media to denounce the current situation and to demand the adoption of laws regulating the sector. )transmission/distribution losses: 5.724 billion kWh (2019 est. Centers such as 'New Life', where the daughter of Arelys Gonzlez died, appear without complaints on the health department's website. Silveira I, Martinez B. It was not until the month that a doctor saw me, "says Ledn. Don't have an account? )from coal and metallurgical coke: 12.666 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Issued on: 29/08/2017 - 18:52Modified: 29/08/2017 - 19:16. ), fossil fuels: 32.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est. In the USA, the large African-American and Hispanic populations have generally dictated their beauty norms which promote larger backsides and smaller breasts. ), total: 11.65 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 13.07 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 10.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est. )3% of GDP (2020 est. Once those results are finalised, a comprehensive set of guidelines for the procedure will be submitted for publication in major clinical journals. All times AEDT (GMT +11). "Anyone can have a center of this type, and it does not have sanitary regulations because its owner is not a doctor," Dr. Pazmio insists. Inspired by bootylicious celebrities and social media stars such as the Kardashians, Jennifer Lopez and Beyonce, the risky operation has raised alarms after a number of complications and number of deaths. ), deforestation resulting from timber exploitation in the jungles of the Amazon and the region of Choc; illicit drug crops grown by peasants in the national parks; soil erosion; soil and water quality damage from overuse of pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions, party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, particulate matter emissions: 15.24 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. Brazilian butt lifts are the deadliest of all aesthetic procedures the risks explained. The clinic where it was operated, My Cosmetic Surgery, does not register a complaint on the FDOH portal. The small waist, the nice, beautiful hips.. Crude death The clashes have resulted in at least 19 deaths nationwide since last week. )exports: 0 cubic meters (2020 est. ), 11.508 million BOGOTA (capital), 4.102 million Medellin, 2.864 million Cali, 2.349 million Barranquilla, 1.381 million Bucaramanga, 1.088 million Cartagena (2023), at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est. )3.1% of GDP (2019)3.1% of GDP (2018)3.2% of GDP (2017), approximately 260,000 total active troops (200,000 Army; 45,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines; 14,000 Air Force); approximately 170,000 National Police (2022), the military's inventory includes a wide mix of equipment from a variety of suppliers, including Canada, Europe, Israel, South Korea, and the US; Colombia's defense industry is active in producing air, land, and naval platforms (2022), 18-24 years of age for compulsory (men) and voluntary (men and women) military service; conscript service obligation is 18 months; conscripted soldiers reportedly include regular soldiers (conscripts without a high school degree), drafted high school graduates (bachilleres), and rural (campesino) soldiers who serve in their home regions (2022)note: in 2020, conscripts reportedly comprised about 50% of the Colombian military's active force with approximately 60-90,000 conscripts brought into the military annually, as of 2022, the Colombian Armed Forces were primarily focused on internal security, particularly counter-narcotics, counter-terrorism, and counterinsurgency operations against drug traffickers, militants from several factions of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and National Liberation Army (ELN) terrorist/guerrilla organizations, and other illegal armed groups; the Colombian Government signed a peace agreement with the FARC in 2016, but some former members (known as dissidents) have returned to fighting (note - these dissident groups include the designated terrorist groups Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People's Army or FARC-EP and Segunda Marquetalia; see Appendix T); the Colombian military resumed operations against FARC dissidents and their successor paramilitary groups in late 2019; in 2017, the Colombian Government initiated formal peace talks with the ELN, but in January 2019, the government suspended the peace talks shortly after the ELN exploded a car bomb at the National Police Academy in Bogot and resumed counter-terrorism/counterinsurgency operations against the group; operations against the FARC dissident groups and the ELN continued into 2022, although the Colombian Government resumed talks with ELN in November 2022; the military was also focused on the security challenges posed by its neighbor, Venezuela, where instability has attracted narcotics traffickers and both the ELN and FARC dissidents, including FARC-EP and Segunda Marquetalia, operate openly, the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Colombia are a risk for armed robbery against ships; in 2021, six attacks against commercial vessels were reported, an increase over the single attack in 2020; most of these occurred in the main port of Cartagena while ships were berthed or at anchor, National Liberation Army (ELN); Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People's Army (FARC-EP); Segunda Marquetalianote: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T, in December 2007, ICJ allocated San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina islands to Colombia under 1928 Treaty but did not rule on 82 degrees W meridian as maritime boundary with Nicaragua; managed dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics, guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all neighboring borders and have caused Colombian citizens to flee mostly into neighboring countries; Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, and the US assert various claims to Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Bank, refugees (country of origin): 1,842,390 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or received alternative legal stay) (2022)IDPs: 8,258,460 (conflict between government and illegal armed groups and drug traffickers since 1985) (2022)stateless persons: 11 (2022), Colombia is the worlds top cocaine producer; exports and is a source of heroin and marijuana; coca cultivation was estimated at 245,000 hectares (ha) in 2020; potential pure cocaine production reached 1,010 metric tons in 2020, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education), International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI).
