Archeological excavations have dated information about Baal back as far as the second millennium BC, and the spread of Baal worship caught fire in Egypt in 1400 BC. . This is not brand new, but it is picking up speed. And the statutes, the ordinances, the law, and the commandment which He wrote for you, you shall be careful to observe forever; you shall not fear other gods. The prophet Amos particularizes the epidemic of social injustice in the Kingdom of Israel. However, God shows there is a possible harmful, secondary effect: As people become financially secure, their attention is diverted from His purpose to vain and unimportant things. He takes something loathsome and vile, something that is a direct affront to almighty God, a pagan idol, and turns it into a cute little children's fairy tale, so that you can buy the book, see the movies, get the cuddly toy, and bingo! Baal & Asherah. The laws given to Moses by God expressly forbade the Jews to do what was done in Egypt or in Canaan. 13:2) such as Baal himself performed in the Ugaritic myth are depicted in the prophetic tirades. Ashtoreth was the fertility goddess consort of Molech. God's difference from us is that He is holy; He is moral and we are immoral. He is deceived into thinking that his material prosperity proves that God approves of his conduct and attitudes. The Israelites displayed a pandemic failure to love their fellow man. Isa. But when a falling away happens around us, perhaps even beginning before we were born, it is easy for our minds to adjust to the point that we almost forget the continuing rebellion against God and His way. We must understand that our god is not what we say we worship but what we serve. As a result of their sin, the men of Israel were judged by God. Will you steal, murder, commit adultery, swear falsely, make offerings to Baal, and go after other gods that you have not known, and then come and stand before me in this house, which is called by my name, and say, We are delivered!only to go on doing all these abominations? One idea is that he means, "How long are you going to hop from branch to branch? What do we know about the religion surrounding this Canaanite deity, and how did it affect those in the Old Testament? Elijah was sent by God, and he was fulfilling the responsibility of a prophet, to prod the people to whom he was sent to their responsibilities. A third is that he is describing somebody teetering on a tightrope and trying to maintain his balance. The name "Baal" shows up seven times in Hosea (2:8, 2:13, 2:16, 2:17 . What was the rationale behind this perverse, immoral act? The bird cannot make up its mind where it wants to settle down, so it just keeps hopping around. The actual worship of Ba'al was carried out in terms of imitative magic whereby sexual acts by both male and female temple prostitutes were understood to arouse Ba'al who then brought rain to make Mother Earth fertile (in some forms of the myth, represented by a female consort, Asherah or Astarte). Searching for Israel (Part Six): Israel Is Fallen, Is Fallen. Sidons Storm God. Recall God's prophecy in Deuteronomy 32:15, predicting that when Israel prospered, then it would rebel. Their commitment went one way, and then it went the other way. The Berean: Daily Verse and Comment Sign up for the Berean: Daily Verse and Comment, and have Biblical truth delivered to your inbox. The only trouble is that people like to feel comfortable in moral mediocrity. A second interpretation is that since the falling away contains the definite article, it refers to a unique event in man's history, far greater than anything that has happened before. Archaeologists at Sidon have uncovered a 12th-11th-century B.C.E. Worshipers of Baal Killed. 18 Then Jehu gathered all the people together, and said to them, "Ahab served Baal a little, Jehu will serve him much. II Kings 17:7-17 catalogs the sins of Israel: Widespread idolatry. What the Bible says about Baal Worship ( From Forerunner Commentary ) 1 Kings 12:26-33 The religion of Israel began with a man, Jeroboam I, who changed the true worship of God. made for themselves a molded image and two calves, made a wooden image and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served Baal" (verses 15-16). Not a BAS Library member yet? It has been suggested that this clash was indirectly a conflict between Baal and El, with Yamm serving as champion for the venerable El, as the Titans fought on behalf of Kronos in the Greek version of the myth and the stone colossus Ulikummi for Kumarbi in the Hurrian-Hittite version which is roughly contemporary with the Ugaritic texts. He was also called the Lord of Rain and Dew, the two forms of moisture that were indispensable for fertile soil in Canaan. 28:2); Hezekiah attempted to eliminate it; Manasseh his son again gave it royal support (II Kings 21:3); and Josiah in his turn purged the Temple of YHWH of the utensils made for Baal and Asherah (II Kings 23:4). Photo: Courtesy of Claude Doumet-Serhal. Depending on the tradition, she was either Baal's mother, lover, or both. All this was part of his fertility role, which, when fulfilled, meant an abundance of crops and fertility for animals and mankind. Most often, it condemns Baal worship. The beliefs and practices of the Canaanites were not only detestable, but they also . Dated to c. 1750 B.C.E. Baal is also referred to about 12 times as "the Rider of the Clouds" which undoubtedly testifies to his control over the rain and storms. A DSS fragment has it spelled Iaw in Greek (iota-alpha-omega), which is consistent with Yahoah; see ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rs/rak/lxxjewpap/4QLevB.jpg. Recall God's wrath when Aaron made a golden calf at the urging of the Israelites in the wilderness and proclaimed a feast to the Lord (Exodus 32:1-5). The second major background factor that we need to grasp somewhat to read Hosea well is the worship of the Canaanite god Baal (s). He describes Israel as a luxuriant grape vine sending runners in every direction, indicating a bountiful crop. Adad roughly equates with the later Phoenician storm god Baal, the worship of whom is championed by the nefarious queen Jezebel in the Bible. Notably, an impressed handle found near a Canaanite grave at the site depicts Sidons storm god and a ship. Sidon is the birth place of Jezabel. In the formative stages of Israels history, the presence of Baal names did not necessarily mean apostasy or even syncretism. Molech was an ancient god worshiped by the people neighboring Israel during Old Testament times. It is not known to what extent the Canaanites considered those various Baalim identical, but the Baal of Ugarit does not seem to have confined his activities to one city, and doubtless other communities agreed in giving him cosmic scope. Photo: Courtesy of Claude Doumet-Serhal. Who were the Sidonians of the Iron Age (c. 1200586 B.C.E.)? Murder and sexual immorality was a part of Baal worship. If it is of men, it will not work very long. This describes to a T what Israel did then and their descendants are continuing to do today. They were Phoenicians. Scott Broberg Fig Tree Ministries. Its prosperity played a part in corrupting the Israelites' hearts, which is why Hosea mentions the divided or disloyal heart in context with its bountiful fruit. (The suggestion that Jer. Now that He has announced Israel's imminent calamity, God begins to show how His punishment would alter the lives of the people. What Is the Significance of Not the Letter but of the Spirit? There are indications that Baal and other gods and goddesses of the Canaanite pantheon were associated in the minds of their worshipers with certain heavenly bodies. Although Baal is mentioned almost 100 times in the Bible, he is best known from the narratives of I and II Kings which include the story of the Phoenician princess Jezebel (d. c. 842 BCE), who encouraged his worship, and her struggle with the prophet Elijah, champion of the cult of Yahweh. With Baal's functions accredited to YHWH, it was natural and fitting that some of Baal's titles would also be taken over. First was sexual orgies "under every green tree," where promiscuity and perverted sex acts were the norm. Jews nowadays say Ha-Shem [i.e. Yet such fluidity in the use of the term baal did not prevent it from being attached to a god of distinct character. Observing Christmas and Easter in the name of Christ is no different. She gives life to 70 other gods in the Canaanite pantheon. For those early Hebrews, Baal designated the Lord of Israel, just as Baal farther north designated the Lord of Lebanon or of Ugarit. When Elijah preached his message, it put the people in a bind because they knew their conscience was telling them that they had to commit themselves to God or to Baal. . Baal was simply the title (literally, Lord) of the pagan god Molech. Elijah had to take drastic measures to prevent Baal worship from completely eradicating the worship of the true God (I Kings 18:20-40). Historical Background of HoseaBaal and Idolatry. Baal's abode was Mount apn, identified as Jebel el-Aqra ("Mount Baldy") some 30 mi. These Israelites were lethargic in terms of true, spiritual matters. The Septuagint (LXX) referred to the latter as a stranger [in the land]. Baal was a cruel, sensuous, and revolting false god whose worship involved sexual degradation and lewdness. Baal is a Canaanite and Phoeniciandeity and the son of the chief god El. Because of their self-procured wealth and affluence, they think they are being blessed with material things. Payment of the full tithe to the food stores of the Temple, some thought, would guarantee that YHWH would open the windows of heaven and pour down overflowing blessings (Mal. Your email address will not be published. Speech is completely original and produced exclusively by Grace Digital Network Music licensed through Artlist.io Footage licensed through Filmpac.com and S. Because Baal was neither alive nor a moral force, his worshippers felt they could communicate with him only by ritual actions that portrayed what they were asking him to do. Baal worship was rooted in sensuality and involved ritualistic prostitution in the temples. In the El-Amarna letters Canaanite clients addressed the Egyptian king as "My Baal, my Addu." We are seeing the same thing today, but at times, it is harder to recognize because we are accustomed to it, and it is not happening overnight. . Avot 5:11 on the connection between tithing and rain). Baal was the title of the "god" worshiped in ancient Canaan and Phoenicia. Though it hurts, the pain is indicative of rescue and cure. These people, who became known as the Samaritans, feared the Lord but worshipped their own gods. . It may be, however, that these extra Baalim are Baal's attendants, mentioned as the seven or eight lads whom Baal is ordered to take with him in his descent into the netherworld. When the rain failed, it was inevitable that some would question YHWH's power and resort to Baal. Blending the lies of this world with the truth of God produces a foul mixture called syncretism (James 3:10-13). The Canaanites often worshipped her via trees (Asherah poles) because of her association with the tree of life. Some extraordinary discoveries from recent excavations have allowed us to partially reconstruct Sidonian religion during the Bronze and Iron Agesshowing that Baal worship at the site had deep roots. The sum of what Elijah said is actually spiritually dangerous, due to the fact that God is judging. Note the name of her father, King of the Sidoneans and apparently (Josephus) a priest of Baal as well. Christ warned the Pharisees: "For laying aside the commandments of God, you hold the traditions of men." The written form Moloch (in the Septuagint Greek translation of the Old Testament), or Molech (Hebrew), is the word Melech or king, transformed by interposing the vowels of bosheth or 'shameful thing'. Some become discouraged with the church because we are always being toldto some measure anywaydisturbing things about ourselves. But not all years are good, and in a bad year, or a series of bad years, when the rains fail, the skies become like iron, the land like brass, and man's toil is futile for the earth will not yield its increase (Lev. Burning incense, worship of the sun, moon, astrology, and ancestor worship are all earmarks of the Baal religion. Baal's 450 prophets worked themselves into a frenzy, cutting themselves, dancing, and chanting to their god. For seven days a fire burned inside the building, and when it subsided, the house was plated with gold, silver, and lapis lazuli. In the Bible, Jezebel is notorious for persecuting the worship of Yahweh and for demanding that the Israelites worship Baal. At Ras-Shamar, Baal was referred to as the son of Dagon, the Philistines chief god. This connects with the curse of Laodiceanism because God shows in the Laodiceans what can happen spiritually as people increase materially. 3:10; cf. California - Do Not Sell My Personal Information. The Sovereign Creator is not a God who allows His favor to be bought with crumbs. Baal's resurrection followed Mot's demise, the good news being transmitted through a dream of El: The fields were still parched from the drought and again Anath and Shapsh set out to find Baal. And that happened with the Canaanites and Baal. The religion of Israel began with a man, Jeroboam I, who changed the true worship of God (I Kings 12:26-33). Now another presentation that the Phoenicians who are also connected with the Canaanites had traded with the trading mariners of Kerala, India. 3:8; Ps. . Assyria, a kingdom known as much for its innovative weapons as for their brutal implementation, conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 718 BC. Paul, then, is letting the church know that it need not be concerned about missing the end time. Second was passing their babies through the fire. Baal worship is and has always been pagan; today it is replacing the laws and beliefs based upon Judaeo-Christian roots, which honours the GOD of the Bible, His laws and His ways. Photo: Courtesy of Claude Doumet-Serhal. When a person is freezing to death, he feels a pleasant numbness that he does not want to end. Omissions? In daily life, they conformed to and reflected the Babylonish system just as Israel does today. Required fields are marked *. The word bal, common Semitic for "owner, master, husband," became the usual designation of the great weather-god of the Western Semites. Despite Gods efforts to dissuade them, the Israelites engaged with the Canaanite culture a little too much and adopted their practices, including Baal worship. (Jeremiah 7:8-10). Baal was different from his adherents merely in that he was above them. The right remedy, according to Israel's prophets, was to repudiate Baal completely and to seek and return to Israel's true God (Isa. 22:816). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. For example, Christmas and Easter are traditions of men, but they are lies. Their spiritual lethargy for the true God made them uncommitted. Like ancient Israel, we can easily fall back into our former ways. They too had blended the worship of the true God with outright paganism, utterly corrupting the relationship He had established with them. Everything Joshua* (Yehoshua) did was in accordance with the TaNaKh, which is an acrostic for Torah (=Law/Instruction), Neviim (=Prophets), and Ketuvim (=Writings). The Laodicean evaluates himself, saying, "I am rich, have become wealthy, and have need of nothing" (Revelation 3:17). Does that way of life conform to the God of the Bible, or does it spring from the mind of men? Given Sidons position on the coast, it is not surprising that the storm god is Sidons most important god. (Iron Age) temple. JezaBel can be respelLt as JezaVel ~ JezaVAl ~ IezaVAL ~ Isaval-lavi ~ an expert in music. Before descending to the realm of death, Baal copulates with a heifer and begets a male offspring. Its is right up there with the thought that we know where Jesus was born, or that one can see a descendant of the original burning bush, etc.. Elijah prepared the way for Elisha, who had a double portion of Elijah's spirit and did many more miracles. After a textual gap, there is a report that Baal's corpse has been found. He replaced the Levitical priesthood with men of his own choosing. Behold, you trust in deceptive words to no avail. So the word Poeni can be rewritten as Peyeni or as Payani or as Payan. He may have replaced the Sabbath with Sunday worship. No doubt, we cant cover the breadth of verses on Baal here, but we should note that Baal becomes a big player in the book of Judges and during the time of the kings when Israel appears to succumb most to the foreign pantheons. Prepare to Meet Your God! Figs and grapes ripen during the dry season and the grain harvest also takes place before the rains resume. ed., 1965); H.B. Recall the mention in Hosea 10:1 of increasing and embellishing altars just before Israel fell to Assyria. His ministry took place about 150 years before Israel was to fall, becoming the Lost Ten Tribes, so God was beginning to make a powerful witness to them. In another room was a round base that likely supported a wooden pillar. Did the Carthaginians Really Practice Infant Sacrifice? But Jezebels religion is not Jewish whereas the religion of the Tamils is more like that of the Jews. As such, Baal designated the universal god of fertility, and in that capacity his title was Prince, Lord of the Earth. In the El-Amarna letters the logogram for the weather-god is conventionally read Addu, but that it is sometimes to be read Baluis indicated by the addition of the phonetic complement-lu, as well as by the names like Mut dIm written syllabically as mu-ut-ba-a-lum. The worship of Moloch, which was practiced at a special site (outside the walls of Jerusalem in the valley of Ben-Hinnom) called Topheth, became firmly established in the time of King Manasseh, his son Amon, and at the beginning of Josiah's reign. In the Bible, Baal is spoken of in a negative light, as an idol and a false god, and is associated with idolatry and paganism. Now the word isai, simply means music in Tamil. In the Hebrew language, Baal as a noun means "lord or possessor." As a verb, it means "to have dominion over or be lord over." Additionally, the local deity (near Israel) "Baal," was a god of rain and fertility. Their reverence for Him was mere intellectual accommodation intended to appease Him. l /), or Baal (Hebrew: baal), was a title and honorific meaning 'owner', 'lord' in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity.From its use among people, it came to be applied to gods. In the books of Kings and Chronicles, we can read the record of a given king who turned away from God and served the Baals, and the foolishness sounds quick and casual because we are reading a summary. Huffmon, Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts (1965), 174; W.F. Join the BAS Library today. linked to Molech (also called Milcom in the Bible). The Sidonians were the inhabitants of ancient Sidon, a seaport on the Mediterranean Sea in modern Lebanon. Baal's house was constructed in an extraordinary fashion. That made God so angry that a plague spread through their ranks; Phinehas stood up and pled their case and the . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. But church is where we come to have our minds stretched and measured against Christ's standard. But it could have existed long before that, when God established the law, including laws against eating pork, since pig slaughter and sacrifice were a hallmark of Baal worship. The tablets, although closely attached to the worship of Baal at his local temple, probably represent Canaanite belief generally. (the Middle Bronze Age). They set up for themselves sacred pillars and wooden images on every high hill and under every green tree; and there they burned incense on all the high places, as the nations had done whom the LORD had carried away before them." BAAL WORSHIP AND SEMITIC RACISM This term was used as a title and name of various local deities worshipped as guardians, heroes, and kings. While much about Molech's nature and origin are uncertain, the Bible mentions Molech on eight occasions, providing some context regarding the problems associated with this ancient god. Ritual prostitution only served to erode the family, eventually leading to the destruction of the nation. But who is Baal? Updates? Verse 15 points out that the people "rejected [God's] statutes and His covenant that He had made with their fathers, and His testimonies which He had testified against them." 27:1). So-called from Mount Peor, where this worship was celebrated, the Baal of Peor. This daily newsletter provides a starting point for personal study, and gives valuable insight into the verses that make up the Word of God. Now the king of Assyria went throughout all the land, and went up to Samaria and besieged it for three years. To become moral, we must kill our selfish egos through the use and guidance of God's Holy Spirit. Unlike Egypt and Mesopotamia, which depend on irrigation, the Promised Land drinks water from the rain of heaven (Deut. They were afraid of God, but they did not really change their way of life. Whoever is missing shall not live.". This is the crux of our salvation through Jesus Christ. The latter title has a biblical echo in the corrupted form Baal-Zebub (II Kings 1:2ff. From Easton's Bible Dictionary:Baal-peor: lord of the opening, a god of the Moabites (Numbers 25:3; 31:16; Joshua 22:17), worshipped by obscene rites. Immorality lies in the desire of men to live self-centered lives independent of God, as when Adam and Eve took of the forbidden tree (Genesis 3:1-19). Israel "feared other gods" (verse 7). The judge Gideon was also named Jerubbaal (Judges 6:32), and King Saul had a son named Ishbaal (I Chronicles 8:33). This is typical Israeliltish syncretism, but it will not work. All through the Old Testament, the people of Israel fell into Baal and Asherah worship, and it is no different for us today. All Rights Reserved. Asherah (Hebrew ), also spelled Ashera, was a major northwest Semitic mother goddess, appearing also in Akkadian sources as Ashratu, in Hittite as Asherdu and in Ugaritic as Athirat.She was the consort of the chief deity El and the mother of 70 other gods.. Certainly not those of east Asia. Our nation has embraced the old ancient paganism that we read about in the Bible. God sends a prophet to people who are cold in their relationship with Godspiritually freezing to deaththough they want to stay that way. In contrast, the church has had periods of strength and weakness all throughout its historyit goes through cycles of rallying around truth and then gradually letting it slip. They pant after the dust of the earth which is on the head of the poor, and pervert the way of the humble." God wants to transform us from people who are bent on pleasing ourselves to people who show concern for others. 10:1113; 14:22). The name is more likely derived from the god Baal. The god of arts and crafts, Kothar, then proceeded to build for Baal the most beautiful of palaces which spread over an area of 10,000 acres. Essentially, the Phoenicians were the Canaanites who survived from the Bronze Age into the Iron Age and who were not supplanted by new people groups (Philistines, Israelites, etc.). When Ashtoreth is mentioned in scripture, she is linked to Molech, (also called Milcom in the Bible). Or about Yahweh? Our god is what we give our lives over to. 74:1314, 89:910, 93:1ff. The Hebrew word suggests "smoothness" or "flattering," describing people who "talk the talk" but do not "walk the walk.". (Iron Age) temple. The biblical allusions to YHWH's victory over the sea preserve echoes of the older exploit of Baal (cf. 55:613; Jer. The myths also tell of Baals struggle to obtain a palace comparable in grandeur to those of other gods. Israel "walked in the statutes of the nations whom the LORD had cast out from before the children of Israel." 2:13) and *Asherah (Judg. In Judah the murder of the queen mother, *Athaliah , and of Mattan, priest of Baal, and the smashing of the altars and cult images in the Baal temple (II Kings 11:18) did not wipe out the cult (II Kings 12:34). Dig into the illuminating world of the Bible with a BAS All-Access membership. The god Baal was the heathen sun-god spoken of in the Old Testament. 26:46). Even those who have vaguely heard of the name Baal in the Bible know it doesnt have a good connotation. Indeed, religion flourished, as Amos, Hosea's contemporary, clearly reports (see Amos 5:21-27). Virtually all reference to Baal's consort, the violent "Virgin Anath" with whom Baal copulates by the thousand in one of the Ugaritic mythological fragments has been excluded from the Bible, but the goddesses Ashtart (Judg. 3:23). II Kings 17:33 illustrates their worship: "They feared the LORD, yet served their own gods - according to the rituals of the nations from among whom they were carried away." They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 1:21), would be catastrophic. In their ignorance, the people do not realize the terrible calamity that is coming soon upon modern Israel. Most of them were just saving themselves and making themselves comfortable in their situation. Does the Bible Mention What to Give Up for Lent? (The Book of Amos) (Part Two). Prophets and Prophecy (Part 1). Mot refused and boasted how he had mangled Baal. Next both Mot and Baal appear reconstituted and reactivated and again in conflict. ( The first is the Assyrian crisis, discussed here.) The name Baal in the Bible is most commonly associated with the Canaanite and Phoenician god of fertility, the rain, the sun, and the storm. The prize of the victory was kingship over the gods and the enthronement ritual guaranteed the natural order of life and the welfare of the society. The Bereans "received the word with all readiness, and searched the Scriptures daily to find out whether these things were so" (Acts 17:10-11). Knowledge of Baals personality and functions derives chiefly from a number of tablets uncovered from 1929 onward at Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra), in northern Syria, and dating to the middle of the 2nd millennium bce. In some cases, they attempted to attach this practice to worship of the Lord (Ezek 23:39). This shows that the Egyptian Cleopatra had maritime connections with the ancient Kerala Tamils. II Kings 17:5-6 relates the ultimate consequence. Baal was the god of agriculture and fertility in Canaan, becoming a fallen angel and a demon. It proved extremely hard for a monotheistic faith to compete against the Canaanite fertility cult. It Is So Painful to Care: How Do I Conquer Apathy? because they sell the righteous for silver, and the poor for a pair of sandals. In Ugaritic and Hebrew, Baal's epithet as the storm god was He Who Rides on the Clouds. They see themselves as following the way of God, but their religion has deceived them by failing to teach them His truth. The spectacular victory for Yahwism did not have a lasting effect. The Semitic word "baal" (meaning '"Lord") was also used to refer to various deities of the Levant. ADD. What Is Coptic and Who Were the Copts in Ancient Egypt? Meaning of Jezebel: This word can be also pronounced as Isabel. In Psalms 48:23, Mount Zion is equated with "the recesses of afon" (the phrase quoted above from Isa. The Semitic original of this name has been recognized in one of Baal's names in Ugaritic: (The name is to be connected with the root dmr, "be strong, brave," and is probably the same as that of Abraham's son Zimrn (damarn), the -n afformative being preserved in the genitive case of the Greek form Demarountos). https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_washing_in_Judaism#Full-body_immersion_.28Tvilah.29, https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River, https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism. And the covenant that I have made with you, you shall not forget, nor shall you fear other gods. In popular and syncretistic religion in Israel, Yahweh could be equated with both El and Baal. Today Jezebel has built Baal altars in the name of 'church' and led many to Baal worship. And of all the foreign gods the Israelites came into contact with, they appeared to struggle the most with worshipping this one. If Baal triumphed, a seven-year cycle of fertility would ensue; but, if he were vanquished by Mot, seven years of drought and famine would ensue. The ancient Tamils had connections with the Syrians and Sidon. One of the rooms in this temple had a bench, where offerings would have been placed, and an altar made of . What is so interesting is that, by verse 36, God is no longer reporting on the Samaritans but is addressing Israel. "Whatever is not of faith is sin" (Romans 14:23). "Christian" religions of this world have mixed the traditions of paganism with some of the truth of God's Word. But God has a different perspective; He says they are wretched, miserable, poor, blind, and naked (Revelation 3:17). In other words, prosperity turns people's heads. During the summer months the rains cease, but the temporary drought is no threat unless it is abnormally prolonged.
Sejati Group Penipuan,
How To Add Gift Card To Jamba Juice App,
Post University Disbursements,
Articles B